Enviornment

1 + 100

2^2

7/2

4-1

2*2

3 + 5*2

(3+5)*2

2e2

2/100000

sin(1)

log(1)

exp(0)

1 == 1

1 >= 1

1 < 1

1 != 2

x <- 10

x <- 10

x

x + x

x - 5

x^2

y <- x + x

y

1:5

2^(1:5)

v <- 1:5

2^v

log10(v)

Package managment

installed.packages()
           Package      LibPath                                                         
askpass    "askpass"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
base       "base"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
base64enc  "base64enc"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
boot       "boot"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
bslib      "bslib"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
cachem     "cachem"     "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
class      "class"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
cluster    "cluster"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
codetools  "codetools"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
compiler   "compiler"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
curl       "curl"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
datasets   "datasets"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
digest     "digest"     "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
evaluate   "evaluate"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
fastmap    "fastmap"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
foreign    "foreign"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
fs         "fs"         "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
glue       "glue"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
graphics   "graphics"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
grDevices  "grDevices"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
grid       "grid"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
highr      "highr"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
htmltools  "htmltools"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
jquerylib  "jquerylib"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
jsonlite   "jsonlite"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
KernSmooth "KernSmooth" "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
knitr      "knitr"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
lattice    "lattice"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
magrittr   "magrittr"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
markdown   "markdown"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
MASS       "MASS"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
Matrix     "Matrix"     "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
memoise    "memoise"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
methods    "methods"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
mgcv       "mgcv"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
mime       "mime"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
nlme       "nlme"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
nnet       "nnet"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
openssl    "openssl"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
packrat    "packrat"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
parallel   "parallel"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
permute    "permute"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
R6         "R6"         "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rappdirs   "rappdirs"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rlang      "rlang"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rmarkdown  "rmarkdown"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rpart      "rpart"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rsconnect  "rsconnect"  "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
rstudioapi "rstudioapi" "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
sass       "sass"       "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
spatial    "spatial"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
splines    "splines"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
stats      "stats"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
stats4     "stats4"     "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
stringi    "stringi"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
stringr    "stringr"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
survival   "survival"   "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
sys        "sys"        "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
tcltk      "tcltk"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
tinytex    "tinytex"    "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
tools      "tools"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
utils      "utils"      "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/library"
           Version   Priority      Depends                                          
askpass    "1.1"     NA            NA                                               
base       "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
base64enc  "0.1-3"   NA            "R (>= 2.9.0)"                                   
boot       "1.3-28"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.0.0), graphics, stats"                  
bslib      "0.4.0"   NA            "R (>= 2.10)"                                    
cachem     "1.0.6"   NA            NA                                               
class      "7.3-20"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.0.0), stats, utils"                     
cluster    "2.1.3"   "recommended" "R (>= 3.5.0)"                                   
codetools  "0.2-18"  "recommended" "R (>= 2.1)"                                     
compiler   "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
curl       "4.3.2"   NA            "R (>= 3.0.0)"                                   
datasets   "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
digest     "0.6.29"  NA            "R (>= 3.3.0)"                                   
evaluate   "0.16"    NA            "R (>= 3.0.2)"                                   
fastmap    "1.1.0"   NA            NA                                               
foreign    "0.8-82"  "recommended" "R (>= 4.0.0)"                                   
fs         "1.5.2"   NA            "R (>= 3.1)"                                     
glue       "1.6.2"   NA            "R (>= 3.4)"                                     
graphics   "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
grDevices  "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
grid       "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
highr      "0.9"     NA            "R (>= 3.2.3)"                                   
htmltools  "0.5.3"   NA            "R (>= 2.14.1)"                                  
jquerylib  "0.1.4"   NA            NA                                               
jsonlite   "1.8.0"   NA            "methods"                                        
KernSmooth "2.23-20" "recommended" "R (>= 2.5.0), stats"                            
knitr      "1.40"    NA            "R (>= 3.3.0)"                                   
lattice    "0.20-45" "recommended" "R (>= 3.0.0)"                                   
magrittr   "2.0.3"   NA            "R (>= 3.4.0)"                                   
markdown   "1.1"     NA            "R (>= 2.11.1)"                                  
MASS       "7.3-57"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.3.0), grDevices, graphics, stats, utils"
Matrix     "1.4-1"   "recommended" "R (>= 3.5.0)"                                   
memoise    "2.0.1"   NA            NA                                               
methods    "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
mgcv       "1.8-40"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.6.0), nlme (>= 3.1-64)"                 
mime       "0.12"    NA            NA                                               
nlme       "3.1-157" "recommended" "R (>= 3.5.0)"                                   
nnet       "7.3-17"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.0.0), stats, utils"                     
openssl    "2.0.3"   NA            NA                                               
packrat    "0.8.1"   NA            "R (>= 3.0.0)"                                   
parallel   "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
permute    "0.9-7"   NA            "R (>= 2.14.0)"                                  
R6         "2.5.1"   NA            "R (>= 3.0)"                                     
rappdirs   "0.3.3"   NA            "R (>= 3.2)"                                     
rlang      "1.0.6"   NA            "R (>= 3.4.0)"                                   
rmarkdown  "2.16"    NA            "R (>= 3.0)"                                     
rpart      "4.1.16"  "recommended" "R (>= 2.15.0), graphics, stats, grDevices"      
rsconnect  "0.8.27"  NA            "R (>= 3.0.0)"                                   
rstudioapi "0.14"    NA            NA                                               
sass       "0.4.2"   NA            NA                                               
spatial    "7.3-15"  "recommended" "R (>= 3.0.0), graphics, stats, utils"           
splines    "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
stats      "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
stats4     "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
stringi    "1.7.8"   NA            "R (>= 3.1)"                                     
stringr    "1.4.1"   NA            "R (>= 3.1)"                                     
survival   "3.3-1"   "recommended" "R (>= 3.5.0)"                                   
sys        "3.4"     NA            NA                                               
tcltk      "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
tinytex    "0.42"    NA            NA                                               
tools      "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
utils      "4.2.1"   "base"        NA                                               
           Imports                                                                                                                                                                                                
askpass    "sys (>= 2.1)"                                                                                                                                                                                         
base       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
base64enc  NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
boot       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
bslib      "grDevices, htmltools (>= 0.5.2), jsonlite, sass (>= 0.4.0),\njquerylib (>= 0.1.3), rlang, cachem, memoise"                                                                                            
cachem     "rlang, fastmap"                                                                                                                                                                                       
class      "MASS"                                                                                                                                                                                                 
cluster    "graphics, grDevices, stats, utils"                                                                                                                                                                    
codetools  NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
compiler   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
curl       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
datasets   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
digest     "utils"                                                                                                                                                                                                
evaluate   "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                              
fastmap    NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
foreign    "methods, utils, stats"                                                                                                                                                                                
fs         "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                              
glue       "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                              
graphics   "grDevices"                                                                                                                                                                                            
grDevices  NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
grid       "grDevices, utils"                                                                                                                                                                                     
highr      "xfun (>= 0.18)"                                                                                                                                                                                       
htmltools  "utils, digest, grDevices, base64enc, rlang (>= 0.4.10),\nfastmap (>= 1.1.0)"                                                                                                                          
jquerylib  "htmltools"                                                                                                                                                                                            
jsonlite   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
KernSmooth NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
knitr      "evaluate (>= 0.15), highr, methods, stringr (>= 0.6), yaml (>=\n2.1.19), xfun (>= 0.29), tools"                                                                                                       
lattice    "grid, grDevices, graphics, stats, utils"                                                                                                                                                              
magrittr   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
markdown   "utils, xfun, mime (>= 0.3)"                                                                                                                                                                           
MASS       "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                              
Matrix     "methods, graphics, grid, stats, utils, lattice"                                                                                                                                                       
memoise    "rlang (>= 0.4.10), cachem"                                                                                                                                                                            
methods    "utils, stats"                                                                                                                                                                                         
mgcv       "methods, stats, graphics, Matrix, splines, utils"                                                                                                                                                     
mime       "tools"                                                                                                                                                                                                
nlme       "graphics, stats, utils, lattice"                                                                                                                                                                      
nnet       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
openssl    "askpass"                                                                                                                                                                                              
packrat    "tools, utils"                                                                                                                                                                                         
parallel   "tools, compiler"                                                                                                                                                                                      
permute    "stats"                                                                                                                                                                                                
R6         NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
rappdirs   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
rlang      "utils"                                                                                                                                                                                                
rmarkdown  "bslib (>= 0.2.5.1), evaluate (>= 0.13), htmltools (>= 0.5.1),\njquerylib, jsonlite, knitr (>= 1.22), methods, stringr (>=\n1.2.0), tinytex (>= 0.31), tools, utils, xfun (>= 0.30), yaml\n(>= 2.1.19)"
rpart      NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
rsconnect  "curl, digest, jsonlite, openssl (>= 2.0.0), packrat (>= 0.6),\nrstudioapi (>= 0.5), tools, yaml (>= 2.1.5)"                                                                                           
rstudioapi NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
sass       "fs, rlang (>= 0.4.10), htmltools (>= 0.5.1), R6, rappdirs"                                                                                                                                            
spatial    NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
splines    "graphics, stats"                                                                                                                                                                                      
stats      "utils, grDevices, graphics"                                                                                                                                                                           
stats4     "graphics, methods, stats"                                                                                                                                                                             
stringi    "tools, utils, stats"                                                                                                                                                                                  
stringr    "glue (>= 1.2.0), magrittr, stringi (>= 1.1.7)"                                                                                                                                                        
survival   "graphics, Matrix, methods, splines, stats, utils"                                                                                                                                                     
sys        NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
tcltk      "utils"                                                                                                                                                                                                
tinytex    "xfun (>= 0.29)"                                                                                                                                                                                       
tools      NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
utils      NA                                                                                                                                                                                                     
           LinkingTo
askpass    NA       
base       NA       
base64enc  NA       
boot       NA       
bslib      NA       
cachem     NA       
class      NA       
cluster    NA       
codetools  NA       
compiler   NA       
curl       NA       
datasets   NA       
digest     NA       
evaluate   NA       
fastmap    NA       
foreign    NA       
fs         NA       
glue       NA       
graphics   NA       
grDevices  NA       
grid       NA       
highr      NA       
htmltools  NA       
jquerylib  NA       
jsonlite   NA       
KernSmooth NA       
knitr      NA       
lattice    NA       
magrittr   NA       
markdown   NA       
MASS       NA       
Matrix     NA       
memoise    NA       
methods    NA       
mgcv       NA       
mime       NA       
nlme       NA       
nnet       NA       
openssl    NA       
packrat    NA       
parallel   NA       
permute    NA       
R6         NA       
rappdirs   NA       
rlang      NA       
rmarkdown  NA       
rpart      NA       
rsconnect  NA       
rstudioapi NA       
sass       NA       
spatial    NA       
splines    NA       
stats      NA       
stats4     NA       
stringi    NA       
stringr    NA       
survival   NA       
sys        NA       
tcltk      NA       
tinytex    NA       
tools      NA       
utils      NA       
           Suggests                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
askpass    "testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
base       "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
base64enc  NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
boot       "MASS, survival"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
bslib      "shiny (>= 1.6.0), rmarkdown (>= 2.7), thematic, knitr,\ntestthat, withr, rappdirs, curl, magrittr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
cachem     "testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
class      NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
cluster    "MASS, Matrix"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
codetools  NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
compiler   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
curl       "spelling, testthat (>= 1.0.0), knitr, jsonlite, rmarkdown,\nmagrittr, httpuv (>= 1.4.4), webutils"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
datasets   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
digest     "tinytest, simplermarkdown"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
evaluate   "covr, ggplot2, lattice, testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
fastmap    "testthat (>= 2.1.1)"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
foreign    NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
fs         "testthat, covr, pillar (>= 1.0.0), tibble (>= 1.1.0), crayon,\nrmarkdown, knitr, withr, spelling, vctrs (>= 0.3.0)"                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
glue       "covr, crayon, DBI, dplyr, forcats, ggplot2, knitr, magrittr,\nmicrobenchmark, R.utils, rmarkdown, rprintf, RSQLite, stringr,\ntestthat (>= 3.0.0), vctrs (>= 0.3.0), waldo (>= 0.3.0), withr"                                                                                                                                                     
graphics   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
grDevices  "KernSmooth"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
grid       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
highr      "knitr, markdown, testit"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
htmltools  "markdown, testthat, withr, Cairo, ragg, shiny"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
jquerylib  "testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
jsonlite   "httr, curl, vctrs, testthat, knitr, rmarkdown, R.rsp, sf"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
KernSmooth "MASS, carData"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
knitr      "markdown, formatR, testit, digest, rgl (>= 0.95.1201),\ncodetools, rmarkdown, htmlwidgets (>= 0.7), webshot, tikzDevice\n(>= 0.10), tinytex, reticulate (>= 1.4), JuliaCall (>= 0.11.1),\nmagick, png, jpeg, gifski, xml2 (>= 1.2.0), httr, DBI (>=\n0.4-1), showtext, tibble, sass, bslib, ragg, gridSVG, styler\n(>= 1.2.0), targets (>= 0.6.0)"
lattice    "KernSmooth, MASS, latticeExtra"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
magrittr   "covr, knitr, rlang, rmarkdown, testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
markdown   "knitr, RCurl"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
MASS       "lattice, nlme, nnet, survival"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
Matrix     "expm, MASS"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
memoise    "digest, aws.s3, covr, googleAuthR, googleCloudStorageR, httr,\ntestthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
methods    "codetools"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
mgcv       "parallel, survival, MASS"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
mime       NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
nlme       "Hmisc, MASS, SASmixed"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
nnet       "MASS"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
openssl    "curl, testthat (>= 2.1.0), digest, knitr, rmarkdown,\njsonlite, jose, sodium"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
packrat    "testthat (>= 3.0.0), devtools, httr, knitr, rmarkdown"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
parallel   "methods"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
permute    "vegan (>= 2.0-0), testthat (>= 0.5), parallel, knitr,\nrmarkdown, bookdown, sessioninfo"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
R6         "testthat, pryr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
rappdirs   "roxygen2, testthat (>= 3.0.0), covr, withr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
rlang      "cli (>= 3.1.0), covr, crayon, fs, glue, knitr, magrittr,\nmethods, pillar, rmarkdown, stats, testthat (>= 3.0.0), tibble,\nusethis, vctrs (>= 0.2.3), withr"                                                                                                                                                                                      
rmarkdown  "digest, dygraphs, fs, rsconnect, downlit (>= 0.4.0), katex\n(>= 1.4.0), sass (>= 0.4.0), shiny (>= 1.6.0), testthat (>=\n3.0.3), tibble, tufte, vctrs, withr (>= 2.4.2)"                                                                                                                                                                          
rpart      "survival"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
rsconnect  "MASS, RCurl, callr, httpuv, knitr, plumber (>= 0.3.2),\nreticulate, rmarkdown (>= 1.1), shiny, sourcetools, testthat,\nxtable"                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
rstudioapi "testthat, knitr, rmarkdown, clipr, covr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
sass       "testthat, knitr, rmarkdown, withr, shiny, curl"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
spatial    "MASS"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
splines    "Matrix, methods"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
stats      "MASS, Matrix, SuppDists, methods, stats4"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
stats4     NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
stringi    NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
stringr    "covr, htmltools, htmlwidgets, knitr, rmarkdown, testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
survival   NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
sys        "unix (>= 1.4), spelling, testthat"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
tcltk      NA                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
tinytex    "testit, rstudioapi"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
tools      "codetools, methods, xml2, curl, commonmark, knitr, xfun, mathjaxr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
utils      "methods, xml2, commonmark, knitr"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
           Enhances                                                             
askpass    NA                                                                   
base       NA                                                                   
base64enc  "png"                                                                
boot       NA                                                                   
bslib      NA                                                                   
cachem     NA                                                                   
class      NA                                                                   
cluster    NA                                                                   
codetools  NA                                                                   
compiler   NA                                                                   
curl       NA                                                                   
datasets   NA                                                                   
digest     NA                                                                   
evaluate   NA                                                                   
fastmap    NA                                                                   
foreign    NA                                                                   
fs         NA                                                                   
glue       NA                                                                   
graphics   NA                                                                   
grDevices  NA                                                                   
grid       NA                                                                   
highr      NA                                                                   
htmltools  "knitr"                                                              
jquerylib  NA                                                                   
jsonlite   NA                                                                   
KernSmooth NA                                                                   
knitr      NA                                                                   
lattice    "chron"                                                              
magrittr   NA                                                                   
markdown   NA                                                                   
MASS       NA                                                                   
Matrix     "MatrixModels, graph, SparseM, sfsmisc, igraph, maptools, sp,\nspdep"
memoise    NA                                                                   
methods    NA                                                                   
mgcv       NA                                                                   
mime       NA                                                                   
nlme       NA                                                                   
nnet       NA                                                                   
openssl    NA                                                                   
packrat    NA                                                                   
parallel   "snow, nws, Rmpi"                                                    
permute    NA                                                                   
R6         NA                                                                   
rappdirs   NA                                                                   
rlang      "winch"                                                              
rmarkdown  NA                                                                   
rpart      NA                                                                   
rsconnect  NA                                                                   
rstudioapi NA                                                                   
sass       NA                                                                   
spatial    NA                                                                   
splines    NA                                                                   
stats      NA                                                                   
stats4     NA                                                                   
stringi    NA                                                                   
stringr    NA                                                                   
survival   NA                                                                   
sys        NA                                                                   
tcltk      NA                                                                   
tinytex    NA                                                                   
tools      NA                                                                   
utils      NA                                                                   
           License                       License_is_FOSS License_restricts_use OS_type
askpass    "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
base       "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
base64enc  "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
boot       "Unlimited"                   NA              NA                    NA     
bslib      "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
cachem     "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
class      "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
cluster    "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
codetools  "GPL"                         NA              NA                    NA     
compiler   "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
curl       "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
datasets   "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
digest     "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
evaluate   "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
fastmap    "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
foreign    "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
fs         "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
glue       "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
graphics   "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
grDevices  "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
grid       "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
highr      "GPL"                         NA              NA                    NA     
htmltools  "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
jquerylib  "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
jsonlite   "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
KernSmooth "Unlimited"                   NA              NA                    NA     
knitr      "GPL"                         NA              NA                    NA     
lattice    "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
magrittr   "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
markdown   "GPL-2"                       NA              NA                    NA     
MASS       "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
Matrix     "GPL (>= 2) | file LICENCE"   NA              NA                    NA     
memoise    "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
methods    "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
mgcv       "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
mime       "GPL"                         NA              NA                    NA     
nlme       "GPL (>= 2)"                  NA              NA                    NA     
nnet       "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
openssl    "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
packrat    "GPL-2"                       NA              NA                    NA     
parallel   "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
permute    "GPL-2"                       NA              NA                    NA     
R6         "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
rappdirs   "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
rlang      "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
rmarkdown  "GPL-3"                       NA              NA                    NA     
rpart      "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
rsconnect  "GPL-2"                       NA              NA                    NA     
rstudioapi "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
sass       "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
spatial    "GPL-2 | GPL-3"               NA              NA                    NA     
splines    "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
stats      "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
stats4     "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
stringi    "file LICENSE"                NA              NA                    NA     
stringr    "GPL-2 | file LICENSE"        NA              NA                    NA     
survival   "LGPL (>= 2)"                 NA              NA                    NA     
sys        "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
tcltk      "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
tinytex    "MIT + file LICENSE"          NA              NA                    NA     
tools      "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
utils      "Part of R 4.2.1"             NA              NA                    NA     
           MD5sum NeedsCompilation Built  
askpass    NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
base       NA     NA               "4.2.1"
base64enc  NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
boot       NA     "no"             "4.2.1"
bslib      NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
cachem     NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
class      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
cluster    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
codetools  NA     "no"             "4.2.1"
compiler   NA     NA               "4.2.1"
curl       NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
datasets   NA     NA               "4.2.1"
digest     NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
evaluate   NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
fastmap    NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
foreign    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
fs         NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
glue       NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
graphics   NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
grDevices  NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
grid       NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
highr      NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
htmltools  NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
jquerylib  NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
jsonlite   NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
KernSmooth NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
knitr      NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
lattice    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
magrittr   NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
markdown   NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
MASS       NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
Matrix     NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
memoise    NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
methods    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
mgcv       NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
mime       NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
nlme       NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
nnet       NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
openssl    NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
packrat    NA     "no"             "4.2.1"
parallel   NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
permute    NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
R6         NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
rappdirs   NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
rlang      NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
rmarkdown  NA     "no"             "4.2.1"
rpart      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
rsconnect  NA     "no"             "4.2.1"
rstudioapi NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
sass       NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
spatial    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
splines    NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
stats      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
stats4     NA     NA               "4.2.1"
stringi    NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
stringr    NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
survival   NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
sys        NA     "yes"            "4.2.0"
tcltk      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
tinytex    NA     "no"             "4.2.0"
tools      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
utils      NA     "yes"            "4.2.1"
 [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 2 rows ]
#install.packages("vegan", dependencies = TRUE)
#library(vegan)
#remove.packages("vegan")

Getting Help

?plot()
help(plot)
?"<-"
vignette("FAQ-vegan")
Warning: vignette ‘FAQ-vegan’ not found

Data and their formats

cats <- data.frame(coat = c("calico", "black", "taffy"),
                   weight = c(2.1,5,3.2),
                   likes_string = c(1,0,1))
cats
getwd()
[1] "/Users/josh/Desktop/BIOL PRACTICAL COMPUTING/pratcomp_2022"
write.csv(cats, file = "./cats.csv")
cats <- read.csv("./data/cats/csv")
Warning: cannot open file './data/cats/csv': No such file or directoryError in file(file, "rt") : cannot open the connection
cats$coat
[1] "calico" "black"  "taffy" 
cats$weight
[1] 2.1 5.0 3.2
cats$weight*10
[1] 21 50 32
log(cats$weight)
[1] 0.7419373 1.6094379 1.1631508
logweight <- log(cats$weight)
cbind(cats,logweight)
cats <- cbind(cats,logweight)
cats
paste("My cat is ", cats$coat, ", and it weighs ", cats$weight, " kg.", sep="")
[1] "My cat is calico, and it weighs 2.1 kg." "My cat is black, and it weighs 5 kg."   
[3] "My cat is taffy, and it weighs 3.2 kg." 

Data types

typeof(cats$coat)
[1] "character"
typeof(cats$weight)
[1] "double"
typeof(cats$likes_string)
[1] "double"
typeof(3.14159)
[1] "double"
typeof(FALSE)
[1] "logical"
typeof(TRUE)
[1] "logical"
typeof(T)
[1] "logical"
typeof(F)
[1] "logical"
typeof(cats)
[1] "list"
class(cats)
[1] "data.frame"
file.show("./data/cats.csv")
Error: File ./data/cats.csv does not exist.
cats$likes_string <- as.logical(cats$likes_string)
cats$likes_string
[1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
c("a","b")
[1] "a" "b"
ab <- c("a", "b")
ab
[1] "a" "b"
c(ab,"c")
[1] "a" "b" "c"
c(ab, ab)
[1] "a" "b" "a" "b"
1:10
 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
seq(10)
 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
z <- seq(10)
head(z, n=3)
[1] 1 2 3
length(z)
[1] 10
class(z)
[1] "integer"
typeof(z)
[1] "integer"
seq(0,100, by=5)
 [1]   0   5  10  15  20  25  30  35  40  45  50  55  60  65  70  75  80  85  90  95 100

Data Frames

cats
str(cats$coat)
 chr [1:3] "calico" "black" "taffy"
coats <- c("tabby", "tortoiseshell", "tortoiseshell", "black", "tabby")
coats
[1] "tabby"         "tortoiseshell" "tortoiseshell" "black"         "tabby"        
str(coats)
 chr [1:5] "tabby" "tortoiseshell" "tortoiseshell" "black" "tabby"
factor(coats)
[1] tabby         tortoiseshell tortoiseshell black         tabby        
Levels: black tabby tortoiseshell
categories <- factor(coats)
class(coats)
[1] "character"
class(categories)
[1] "factor"
str(categories)
 Factor w/ 3 levels "black","tabby",..: 2 3 3 1 2

Lists

list_example <- list(title="Numbers", numbers = 1:10, data=TRUE)
list_example
$title
[1] "Numbers"

$numbers
 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

$data
[1] TRUE
another_list <- list(1, "a",TRUE, 1+1i)
another_list
[[1]]
[1] 1

[[2]]
[1] "a"

[[3]]
[1] TRUE

[[4]]
[1] 1+1i
typeof(list_example)
[1] "list"
class(list_example)
[1] "list"
typeof(cats)
[1] "list"
class(cats)
[1] "data.frame"
data.frame(list_example)
cats
cats[,2]
[1] 2.1 5.0 3.2
cats[3,]
cats[2:3,c(1,3)]

Matricies

matrix_example <- matrix(0, ncol=5, nrow=3)
matrix_example
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,]    0    0    0    0    0
[2,]    0    0    0    0    0
[3,]    0    0    0    0    0
class(matrix_example)
[1] "matrix" "array" 
typeof(matrix_example)
[1] "double"
str(matrix_example)
 num [1:3, 1:5] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
dim(matrix_example)
[1] 3 5
ncol(matrix_example)
[1] 5
nrow(matrix_example)
[1] 3
class(data.frame(matrix_example))
[1] "data.frame"
df_example <- data.frame(matrix_example)
df_example

Subsetting

p <- c(2.3,6.9,4.0,24.3,2)
p
[1]  2.3  6.9  4.0 24.3  2.0
names(p) <- c('a','b','c','d','e')
p
   a    b    c    d    e 
 2.3  6.9  4.0 24.3  2.0 
p[2:4]
   b    c    d 
 6.9  4.0 24.3 
p[c(1,5)]
  a   e 
2.3 2.0 
p[c(1,1,1,3,5,5)]
  a   a   a   c   e   e 
2.3 2.3 2.3 4.0 2.0 2.0 
p[6]
<NA> 
  NA 
p[-3]
   a    b    d    e 
 2.3  6.9 24.3  2.0 
p[c(-1,-5)]
   b    c    d 
 6.9  4.0 24.3 
p[-(2:4)]
  a   e 
2.3 2.0 
p[c('a','c')]
  a   c 
2.3 4.0 
p[c(T,F,T,F,T)]
  a   c   e 
2.3 4.0 2.0 
p[names(p) != 'c']
   a    b    d    e 
 2.3  6.9 24.3  2.0 

Factors

f <- factor(c('a','b','c','d','e'))
f
[1] a b c d e
Levels: a b c d e
f[f == 'a']
[1] a
Levels: a b c d e
f[1:3]
[1] a b c
Levels: a b c d e
f[f %in% c('b','c')]
[1] b c
Levels: a b c d e
f[-3]
[1] a b d e
Levels: a b c d e
f2 <- c('a','a','b','c','c')
f2
[1] "a" "a" "b" "c" "c"
f2[f2 == 'a']
[1] "a" "a"
f2[f2 %in% c('a','c')]
[1] "a" "a" "c" "c"

Matricies Resumed

set.seed(21)
m <- matrix(rnorm(6*4), ncol=4, nrow=6)
m
           [,1]         [,2]       [,3]        [,4]
[1,]  0.7930132 -1.570199630 -0.5484056 -0.78464137
[2,]  0.5222513 -0.934905667  0.1725495 -0.42569229
[3,]  1.7462222  0.063493345  0.5628531  0.39299759
[4,] -1.2713361 -0.002393336  1.5118180  0.03675713
[5,]  2.1973895 -2.276781240  0.6590252 -1.03208366
[6,]  0.4331308  0.757412225  1.1220281 -1.26486147
m[3:4, c(3,1)]
          [,1]      [,2]
[1,] 0.5628531  1.746222
[2,] 1.5118180 -1.271336
m[,c(3,4)]
           [,1]        [,2]
[1,] -0.5484056 -0.78464137
[2,]  0.1725495 -0.42569229
[3,]  0.5628531  0.39299759
[4,]  1.5118180  0.03675713
[5,]  0.6590252 -1.03208366
[6,]  1.1220281 -1.26486147

Lists revisted

xlist <- list(a="BIOL48006220",b=seq(1,10,by = 0.5), data="Grade")
xlist
$a
[1] "BIOL48006220"

$b
 [1]  1.0  1.5  2.0  2.5  3.0  3.5  4.0  4.5  5.0  5.5  6.0  6.5  7.0  7.5  8.0  8.5  9.0  9.5 10.0

$data
[1] "Grade"
xlist[1:2]
$a
[1] "BIOL48006220"

$b
 [1]  1.0  1.5  2.0  2.5  3.0  3.5  4.0  4.5  5.0  5.5  6.0  6.5  7.0  7.5  8.0  8.5  9.0  9.5 10.0
xlist['a']
$a
[1] "BIOL48006220"
xlist[['a']]
[1] "BIOL48006220"
xlist['b']
$b
 [1]  1.0  1.5  2.0  2.5  3.0  3.5  4.0  4.5  5.0  5.5  6.0  6.5  7.0  7.5  8.0  8.5  9.0  9.5 10.0
xlist[['b']]
 [1]  1.0  1.5  2.0  2.5  3.0  3.5  4.0  4.5  5.0  5.5  6.0  6.5  7.0  7.5  8.0  8.5  9.0  9.5 10.0
xlist$b
 [1]  1.0  1.5  2.0  2.5  3.0  3.5  4.0  4.5  5.0  5.5  6.0  6.5  7.0  7.5  8.0  8.5  9.0  9.5 10.0

Data Frames Revisited

gp <- read.csv('forest_area_sq_km.csv')
head(gp, n=10L)
head(gp[3], n=10L)
nrow(gp)
[1] 214
head(gp[["country"]], 10L)
 [1] "Aruba"                "Afghanistan"          "Angola"              
 [4] "Albania"              "Andorra"              "United Arab Emirates"
 [7] "Argentina"            "Armenia"              "American Samoa"      
[10] "Antigua and Barbuda" 
gp$X2001
  [1] "4.2"   "12.1k" "766k"  "7720"  "160"   "3110"  "327k"  "3320"  "177"   "93.2" 
 [11] "1.31M" "38.4k" "9960"  "1940"  "6720"  "40.4k" "71.2k" "19.1k" "34.5k" "4"    
 [21] "5100"  "21.1k" "83.4k" "14.5k" "10"    "547k"  "5.43M" "63"    "3940"  "26.3k"
 [31] "174k"  "228k"  "3.48M" "8.68"  "12k"   "160k"  "1.82M" "48.7k" "215k"  "1.43M"
 [41] "222k"  "623k"  "408"   "403"   "28.6k" "25.3k" "129"   "1720"  "26.4k" "114k" 
 [51] "56"    "479"   "5750"  "19.9k" "16.5k" "136k"  "605"   "11.1k" "174k"  "22.6k"
 [61] "184k"  "224k"  "10.2k" "155k"  "0.8"   "639"   "237k"  "34.6"  "29.8k" "27.7k"
 [71] "86.7k" "0"     "68.6k" "3460"  "21.3k" "26k"   "36.6k" "177"   "2.2"   "41.1k"
 [81] "240"   "186k"  "67.4k" "18.9k" "3800"  "19.5k" "1.01M" "680k"  "6480"  "96k"  
 [91] "8190"  "328"   "1530"  "85k"   "5280"  "975"   "249k"  "31.4k" "38.9k" "11.9k"
[101] "107k"  "11.8"  "110"   "64.6k" "51.3"  "173k"  "1380"  "81.6k" "2170"  "210"  
[111] "67"    "21.5k" "345"   "20.5k" "871"   "32.7k" "10"    "55.4k" "0"     "3500" 
[121] "129k"  "8.2"   "681k"  "94"    "9580"  "133k"  "3.5"   "342k"  "6260"  "142k" 
[131] "316"   "407k"  "4110"  "412"   "30k"   "195k"  "79.2k" "8380"  "13k"   "246k" 
[141] "51.6k" "3620"  ""      "121k"  "58.2k" "0"     "98.5k" "30"    "44.3k" "44.2k"
[151] "750k"  "72.2k" "398"   "363k"  "91.1k" "4420"  "64.1k" "32.8k" "223k"  "91.2" 
[161] "1490"  "0"     "64k"   "8.1M"  "2830"  "9770"  ""      "87.8k" "172"   "25.4k"
[171] "28.9k" "6650"  "10"    "73.6k" "24.8k" ""      "583"   "153k"  "19k"   "12.4k"
[181] "281k"  "4760"  ""      "337"   "4440"  "105"   "61.9k" "12.6k" "192k"  "4100" 
[191] "41.3k" "9460"  "89.5"  "2360"  "6720"  "203k"  "10"    "529k"  "30.8k" "95.2k"
[201] "14.4k" "3.05M" "30.4k" "285"   "488k"  "36.6"  "201"   "121k"  "4420"  "1700" 
[211] "5490"  "177k"  "470k"  "183k" 
gp[c(1,3), 2:5]
gp[ which(gp$X1989 <= 100 & gp$X2019 >= 100),]

Conditionals and Flow

n <- 10

if (n < 10) {
  print("n is less than 10")
} else if (n > 10) {
  print("n is greater than 10")
} else {
  print("n is equal to 10")
}
[1] "n is equal to 10"
for (n in seq(0,20)) {
  if (n < 10) {
    print("n is less than 10")
  } else if (n > 10) {
    print("n is greater than 10")
  } else {
    print("n is equal to 10")
  }
}  
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is less than 10"
[1] "n is equal to 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
[1] "n is greater than 10"
g <- 0 

while (g <=10) {
  print(paste(g,"is less than or equal to 10"))
  g <- g+1
}
[1] "0 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "1 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "2 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "3 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "4 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "5 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "6 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "7 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "8 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "9 is less than or equal to 10"
[1] "10 is less than or equal to 10"

Plotting and Figures

install.packages("ggplot2")
also installing the dependencies ‘cli’, ‘colorspace’, ‘utf8’, ‘farver’, ‘labeling’, ‘lifecycle’, ‘munsell’, ‘RColorBrewer’, ‘viridisLite’, ‘fansi’, ‘pillar’, ‘pkgconfig’, ‘vctrs’, ‘gtable’, ‘isoband’, ‘scales’, ‘tibble’, ‘withr’

trying URL 'https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/contrib/4.2/cli_3.4.1.tgz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 1284000 bytes (1.2 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 1.2 MB

trying URL 'https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/contrib/4.2/colorspace_2.0-3.tgz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 2624460 bytes (2.5 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 2.5 MB

trying URL 'https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/contrib/4.2/utf8_1.2.2.tgz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 196851 bytes (192 KB)
==================================================
downloaded 192 KB

trying URL 'https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/contrib/4.2/farver_2.1.1.tgz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 1943238 bytes (1.9 MB)
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The downloaded binary packages are in
    /var/folders/_0/6sf9j_5d6gs3m4rcg_7lqy1r0000gn/T//RtmpZ5guiU/downloaded_packages
library(ggplot2)
forestdata <- read.csv('forest_area_sq_km.csv')

head(forestdata)
ggplot(data=forestdata, mapping=aes(x=X1989, y=X2019)) + geom_point()

gp <- read.csv('gapminder_all.csv')
gp
ggplot(data=gp, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap_1952, y=pop_1952)) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=gp, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap_2002, y=pop_2002)) + geom_point()

gapminder <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/gh-pages/_episodes_rmd/data/gapminder_data.csv")
head(gapminder)
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country, color=continent)) + geom_line()

ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country)) + geom_line(mapping = aes(color=continent)) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point(alpha=0.25) + scale_x_log10()

ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point(alpha=0.25, color="purple", size = 0.9, pch = 9) + scale_x_log10() + geom_smooth(method=lm, color="gold", size=1.25)

africas <- gapminder[gapminder$continent == "Africa", ]
head(africas)
ggplot(data=africas, mapping = aes(x=year, y=lifeExp)) + 
  geom_line(color = 'blue') + 
  facet_wrap( ~ country) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90)) +
  labs( 
    x = "year",
    y = "life Expentency",
    title = "Life Expectency Over Time in African Countries"
  )

AfricanLifeExp <- ggplot(data=africas, mapping = aes(x=year, y=lifeExp)) + 
  geom_line(color = 'blue') + 
  facet_wrap( ~ country) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90)) +
  labs( 
    x = "year",
    y = "life Expentency",
    title = "Life Expectency Over Time in African Countries"
  )
ggsave(filename = "AfricanLifeExp.png", plot = AfricanLifeExp, width = 24, height = 40, dpi = 300, units = "cm")
pdf(file = "AfricanLifeExp.pdf", width = 24, height = 40)
plot(AfricanLifeExp)
dev.off()
null device 
          1 
write.table(gapminder, file="gapminder_web.csv", sep = ",")
write.csv(africas, file="gapminder_web_africas.csv")
---
title: "R Notebook"
output:
  html_document:
    df_print: paged
  html_notebook: default
  pdf_document: default
---

### Enviornment
1 + 100

2^2

7/2

4-1

2*2

3 + 5*2

(3+5)*2

2e2

2/100000

sin(1)

log(1)

exp(0)

1 == 1

1 >= 1

1 < 1

1 != 2


x <- 10

x <- 10

x

x + x

x - 5

x^2

y <- x + x

y

1:5

2^(1:5)

v <- 1:5

2^v

log10(v)

```{r}


```

## Package managment

```{r}
installed.packages()
```
```{r}
#install.packages("vegan", dependencies = TRUE)
```

```{r}
#library(vegan)
```

```{r}
#remove.packages("vegan")
```

## Getting Help
```{r}
?plot()
```
```{r}
help(plot)
```
```{r}
?"<-"
```
```{r}
vignette("FAQ-vegan")
```

```{r}

```


## Data and their formats

```{r}
cats <- data.frame(coat = c("calico", "black", "taffy"),
                   weight = c(2.1,5,3.2),
                   likes_string = c(1,0,1))
```

```{r}
cats
```

```{r}
getwd()
```
```{r}
write.csv(cats, file = "./cats.csv")
```

```{r}
#cats <- read.csv("./data/cats/csv")
```

```{r}
cats$coat
```
```{r}
cats$weight
```

```{r}
cats$weight*10
```
```{r}
log(cats$weight)
```
```{r}
logweight <- log(cats$weight)
cbind(cats,logweight)
```
```{r}
cats <- cbind(cats,logweight)
```

```{r}
cats
```

```{r}
paste("My cat is ", cats$coat, ", and it weighs ", cats$weight, " kg.", sep="")
```

### Data types

```{r}
typeof(cats$coat)
```

```{r}
typeof(cats$weight)
```

```{r}
typeof(cats$likes_string)
```

```{r}
typeof(3.14159)
```
```{r}
typeof(FALSE)
```
```{r}
typeof(TRUE)
```
```{r}
typeof(T)
typeof(F)
```
```{r}
typeof(cats)
```
```{r}
class(cats)
```
```{r}
file.show("./data/cats.csv")
```

```{r}
#cats$likes_string <- as.logical(cats$likes_string)
#type
```
```{r}
#cats$likes_string
```
```{r}
c("a","b")
```

```{r}
ab <- c("a", "b")
ab
```

```{r}
c(ab,"c")
```

```{r}
c(ab, ab)
```

```{r}
1:10
```

```{r}
seq(10)
```

```{r}
z <- seq(10)
head(z, n=3)
```
```{r}
length(z)
```

```{r}
class(z)
```

```{r}
typeof(z)
```

```{r}
seq(0,100, by=5)
```


### Data Frames

```{r}
cats
```

```{r}
str(cats$coat)
```

```{r}
coats <- c("tabby", "tortoiseshell", "tortoiseshell", "black", "tabby")
coats
```
```{r}
str(coats)
```
```{r}
factor(coats)
```
```{r}
categories <- factor(coats)
class(coats)
class(categories)
```
```{r}
str(categories)
```

### Lists

```{r}
list_example <- list(title="Numbers", numbers = 1:10, data=TRUE)
```
```{r}
list_example
```
```{r}
another_list <- list(1, "a",TRUE, 1+1i)
another_list
```

```{r}
typeof(list_example)
class(list_example)
```
```{r}
typeof(cats)
class(cats)
```

```{r}
data.frame(list_example)
```
```{r}
cats
```
```{r}
cats[,2]
```

```{r}
cats[3,]
```

```{r}
cats[2:3,c(1,3)]
```

### Matricies

```{r}
matrix_example <- matrix(0, ncol=5, nrow=3)
```

```{r}
matrix_example
```


```{r}
class(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
typeof(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
str(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
dim(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
ncol(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
nrow(matrix_example)
```
```{r}
class(data.frame(matrix_example))
```
```{r}
df_example <- data.frame(matrix_example)
df_example
```

### Subsetting

```{r}
p <- c(2.3,6.9,4.0,24.3,2)
p
```
```{r}
names(p) <- c('a','b','c','d','e')
p
```
```{r}
p[2:4]
```
```{r}
p[c(1,5)]
```
```{r}
p[c(1,1,1,3,5,5)]
```
```{r}
p[6]
```
```{r}
p[-3]
```
```{r}
p[c(-1,-5)]
```
```{r}
p[-(2:4)]
```
```{r}
p[c('a','c')]
```
```{r}
p[c(T,F,T,F,T)]
```
```{r}
p[names(p) != 'c']
```

### Factors

```{r}
f <- factor(c('a','b','c','d','e'))
f
```

```{r}
f[f == 'a']
```

```{r}
f[1:3]
```
```{r}
f[f %in% c('b','c')]
```

```{r}
f[-3]
```

```{r}
f2 <- c('a','a','b','c','c')
f2
```
```{r}
f2[f2 == 'a']
```
```{r}
f2[f2 %in% c('a','c')]
```

### Matricies Resumed

```{r}
set.seed(21)
m <- matrix(rnorm(6*4), ncol=4, nrow=6)
m
```

```{r}
m[3:4, c(3,1)]
```
```{r}
m[,c(3,4)]
```

### Lists revisted

```{r}
xlist <- list(a="BIOL48006220",b=seq(1,10,by = 0.5), data="Grade")
xlist
```

```{r}
xlist[1:2]
```

```{r}
xlist['a']
```

```{r}
xlist[['a']]
```

```{r}
xlist['b']
```

```{r}
xlist[['b']]
```

```{r}
xlist$b
```

### Data Frames Revisited 

```{r}
gp <- read.csv('forest_area_sq_km.csv')
```

```{r}
head(gp, n=10L)
```
```{r}
head(gp[3], n=10L)
```

```{r}
nrow(gp)
```

```{r}
head(gp[["country"]], 10L)
```

```{r}
gp$X2001
```

```{r}
gp[c(1,3), 2:5]
```

```{r}
gp[ which(gp$X1989 <= 100 & gp$X2019 >= 100),]
```

## Conditionals and Flow

```{r}
n <- 10

if (n < 10) {
  print("n is less than 10")
} else if (n > 10) {
  print("n is greater than 10")
} else {
  print("n is equal to 10")
}
```

```{r}
for (n in seq(0,20)) {
  if (n < 10) {
    print("n is less than 10")
  } else if (n > 10) {
    print("n is greater than 10")
  } else {
    print("n is equal to 10")
  }
}  
```
```{r}
g <- 0 

while (g <=10) {
  print(paste(g,"is less than or equal to 10"))
  g <- g+1
}
```

## Plotting and Figures

```{r}
#install.packages("ggplot2")
```

```{r}
library(ggplot2)
```

```{r}
forestdata <- read.csv('forest_area_sq_km.csv')

head(forestdata)
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=forestdata, mapping=aes(x=X1989, y=X2019)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
gp <- read.csv('gapminder_all.csv')
gp
```
```{r}
ggplot(data=gp, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap_1952, y=pop_1952)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gp, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap_2002, y=pop_2002)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
gapminder <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/gh-pages/_episodes_rmd/data/gapminder_data.csv")
head(gapminder)
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country, color=continent)) + geom_line()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country)) + geom_line(mapping = aes(color=continent)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point(alpha=0.25) + scale_x_log10()
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=gapminder, mapping=aes(x=gdpPercap, y=lifeExp)) + geom_point(alpha=0.25, color="purple", size = 0.9, pch = 9) + scale_x_log10() + geom_smooth(method=lm, color="gold", size=1.25)
```

```{r}
africas <- gapminder[gapminder$continent == "Africa", ]
head(africas)
```

```{r}
ggplot(data=africas, mapping = aes(x=year, y=lifeExp)) + 
  geom_line(color = 'blue') + 
  facet_wrap( ~ country) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90)) +
  labs( 
    x = "year",
    y = "life Expentency",
    title = "Life Expectency Over Time in African Countries"
  )
```

```{r}
AfricanLifeExp <- ggplot(data=africas, mapping = aes(x=year, y=lifeExp)) + 
  geom_line(color = 'blue') + 
  facet_wrap( ~ country) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90)) +
  labs( 
    x = "year",
    y = "life Expentency",
    title = "Life Expectency Over Time in African Countries"
  )
```

```{r}
ggsave(filename = "AfricanLifeExp.png", plot = AfricanLifeExp, width = 24, height = 40, dpi = 300, units = "cm")
```

```{r}
pdf(file = "AfricanLifeExp.pdf", width = 24, height = 40)
plot(AfricanLifeExp)
dev.off()
```

```{r}
write.table(gapminder, file="gapminder_web.csv", sep = ",")
```

```{r}
write.csv(africas, file="gapminder_web_africas.csv")
```

